By Habeeb Ibrahim
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has once again acknowledged the linguistic richness of Nigeria, adding 22 new Nigerian words and expressions in 2024.
This is a monumental moment for Nigerian English, showcasing the vibrant culture, creativity, and the unique ways Nigerians express themselves. This update follows the 29 Nigerian-origin words included in the dictionary back in 2020, reflecting Nigeria’s significant cultural and linguistic influence on the global stage.
Dr. Kingsley Ugwuanyi, a lecturer at the University of Nigeria, and an OED consultant, played a pivotal role in the inclusion of these new words. He not only drafted most of the words but also provided their pronunciations, making the update even more personal.
In an announcement shared on his X page, Ugwuanyi expressed his excitement and pride in contributing to the global recognition of Nigerian English.
“This time, I not only drafted most of the words but also had the incredible opportunity to provide their pronunciations! So, when you explore the OED online and click on the pronunciations, you’ll hear my voice bringing these words to life,” Ugwuanyi wrote. His passion for Nigerian culture and language is reflected in the words now immortalized in the prestigious dictionary.
Full List of 22 Nigerian Words Added to the Oxford English Dictionary (2024)
These additions not only reflect the richness of Nigerian culture but also underscore the innovative use of language in expressing contemporary Nigerian realities. Below are the 22 new entries:
1. 419 (n): A term for fraud, derived from Section 419 of Nigeria’s Criminal Code, often used to describe fraudulent activities, especially internet scams.
2. Abi (adv): A colloquial expression used in conversations to seek confirmation or agreement, similar to saying “right?” or “isn’t it?”
3. Adire (adj & n): A traditional Yoruba tie-dye fabric, or the intricate patterns created on fabric using wax-resist dyeing techniques.
4. Agbero (n): A term referring to touts or bus conductors in Nigerian cities who manage parking spaces, collect fares, or aggressively solicit passengers.
5. Area boy (n): Refers to street boys or young men known for their streetwise behavior, often involved in informal or illegal activities in urban centers.
6. Cross-carpet (v): To switch political parties, typically used in Nigerian politics when a politician moves from one party to another.
7. Cross-carpeting (n): The act of switching political parties, often seen as a political maneuver to gain personal or financial advantages.
8. Eba (n): A staple Nigerian food made from cassava flour, often served with soups and stews such as Egusi or Okra.
9. Edo (n & adj): Referring to the Edo people, their language, or culture, originating from the southern region of Nigeria, particularly in Edo State.
10. Gele (n): A traditional headwrap worn by Nigerian women, usually during cultural ceremonies or as part of formal attire.
11. Jand (n): A colloquial term for the United Kingdom, derived from a Nigerian slang for travel and relocation abroad.
12. Jand (v): To travel or relocate to the United Kingdom, commonly used when describing the act of moving to seek better opportunities.
13. Janded (adj): Describing someone who has been to or currently resides in the UK, often with a sense of distinction.
14. Japa (n): A popular Nigerian term for fleeing the country, especially in search of better opportunities abroad. It reflects a desire to escape difficult socio-economic conditions.
15. Japa (v): To flee or escape, typically in the context of leaving Nigeria for more favorable prospects, commonly used in the context of migration.
16. Kanuri (n & adj): Referring to the Kanuri people, their language, or culture, particularly prevalent in northeastern Nigeria and surrounding regions.
17. Kobo (n): The smallest denomination of Nigeria’s currency, often used to refer to minimal amounts of money.
18. Naija (adj & n): A colloquial term for Nigeria or anything related to Nigerian culture, often used with pride by Nigerians both within the country and in the diaspora.
19. Suya (n): A popular Nigerian spicy meat skewer, usually made from beef or chicken, grilled and served with onions, tomatoes, and spicy pepper sauce.
20. Yahoo (n): Internet fraud, commonly associated with scams or deceptive activities conducted online.
21. Yahoo boy (n): A derogatory term for an internet fraudster, typically a young male involved in online scams or illicit financial activities.
22. Yarn dust (v): To talk nonsense or engage in frivolous discussions, often used when someone is speaking aimlessly or without substance.
Reflection on 2020’s Update
This latest update by the OED is a continuation of Nigeria’s growing influence on global English. In 2020, 29 Nigerian words were added, marking a significant step in the recognition of Nigerian English. These words continue to paint a vivid picture of Nigeria’s dynamic culture, society, and language. The 2020 words included terms like “Agric,” “Buka,” “Chop,” “Danfo,” and “Gist,” among others, and were reflective of daily life, politics, and local cuisine in Nigeria.
Some key words from 2020 included:
Agric (adj & n): Relating to agriculture.
Buka (n): A roadside eatery, typically serving local delicacies.
Danfo (n): A popular form of public transportation in Lagos, consisting of yellow minivans.
Gist (v): To chat or gossip, often in a casual or friendly manner.
The OED’s Criteria for Adding New Words
The inclusion of these 22 Nigerian words in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) follows the dictionary’s well-established criteria for adding new words. These criteria are designed to ensure that only words with widespread use, cultural relevance, and longevity are considered. The OED evaluates words based on four key factors:
1. Frequency: Words that are commonly used and understood by a wide audience, ensuring they are part of the public discourse.
2. Widespread Use: Words that are used across different regions, cultures, and communities, not confined to a particular area or group. This ensures that the word is not just a local or niche term but has broader applicability.
3. Age: The OED typically adds words that have been in use for zero to ten years, highlighting the dynamic and evolving nature of language. This reflects the dictionary’s commitment to capturing contemporary usage.
4. Social Significance: Words that reflect significant cultural, social, or political phenomena, helping to capture the essence of contemporary life and society. This is especially important for words like “Japa” or “Suya,” which encapsulate critical aspects of Nigerian society and culture.
Both the 2020 and 2024 additions highlight Nigeria’s linguistic creativity, blending indigenous languages with English in unique and meaningful ways.
The inclusion of these words not only celebrates Nigeria’s influence on global English but also promotes an understanding of the country’s culture, traditions, modern realities, and the unique characteristics of Nigerian English
